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popso disodium CAS: 108321-07-9
Gishirin disodium na Piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxypropanesulphonic acid) wani sinadari ne da ya ƙunshi piperazine, bis(2-hydroxypropanesulphonic acid), da kuma sodium ions guda biyu. Ana amfani da shi a matsayin wakili mai hana ruwa da kuma mai daidaita pH a aikace-aikace daban-daban na masana'antu da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sinadarin yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye takamaiman pH a cikin mafita, yana mai da shi mai amfani a cikin ayyuka kamar tsarkake furotin, ilmin kwayoyin halitta, da binciken magunguna. Bugu da ƙari, yana iya aiki a matsayin wakili mai hana ruwa don ions na ƙarfe da kuma daidaita ayyukan enzyme a cikin wasu halayen biochemical.
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3-Morpholino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid sodium gishiri CAS:79803-73-9
3-Morpholino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid sodium gishiri, wanda kuma aka sani da MES sodium gishiri, wani sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi a matsayin mai hana ruwa gudu a binciken halittu da na sinadarai.
MES wani abu ne mai hana ruwa gudu (zwitterionic buffer) wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai kula da pH, yana kiyaye pH ɗin ya daidaita a cikin tsarin gwaji daban-daban. Yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa kuma yana da ƙimar pKa kusan 6.15, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace da buffering a cikin kewayon pH na 5.5 zuwa 7.1.
Ana amfani da gishirin sodium na MES akai-akai a cikin dabarun ilmin halitta kamar warewar DNA da RNA, gwajin enzyme, da tsarkake furotin. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na al'adar ƙwayoyin halitta don kiyaye yanayin pH mai ɗorewa don girma da haɓaka ƙwayoyin halitta.
Wani abin lura na MES shine kwanciyar hankalinsa a ƙarƙashin yanayin ilimin halittar jiki da kuma juriya ga canje-canje a yanayin zafi. Wannan ya sa ya dace da amfani da shi a gwaje-gwaje inda ake tsammanin canjin yanayin zafi.
Masu bincike galibi suna fifita gishirin sodium na MES a matsayin abin kariya saboda ƙarancin tsangwama ga halayen enzymatic da kuma ƙarfin buffer mai yawa a cikin mafi kyawun kewayon pH ɗinsa.
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X-GAL CAS:7240-90-6 Farashin Mai Masana'anta
5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside (X-Gal) wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi wajen gano ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma amfani da sinadarai masu rai. Ana amfani da shi sosai wajen gano kwayar halittar lacZ, wadda ke samar da sinadarin β-galactosidase.
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1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-acetyl-D-mannopyranose CAS:25941-03-1
1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-acetyl-D-mannopyranose wani sinadari ne da aka samo daga D-mannose, wani sinadari mai sauƙi. Yana da wani sinadari ne da aka haɗa ƙungiyoyin acetyl zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyar daga cikin ƙungiyoyi shida na hydroxyl da ke cikin ƙwayar mannose. Wannan nau'in acetylated na D-mannose ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin haɗakar halitta da binciken sinadarai a matsayin tubalin gini ko kayan farawa don haɗa ƙwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa. Ƙungiyoyin acetyl suna samar da kwanciyar hankali kuma suna iya canza amsawa da halayen mahaɗin.
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1,2,3,4-Di-O-Isopropylidene-alpha-D-galactopyranose CAS:4064-06-6
1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose wani sinadari ne da ke cikin dangin galactopyranose. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin sinadarai na halitta a matsayin wakili mai kariya ga ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl da ke cikin sukari, musamman galactose. Ana haɗa sinadarin ta hanyar yin martani ga D-galactose tare da acetone don samar da sinadari na diacetone, wanda daga nan ake yi masa magani da acid don samar da sinadari na di-O-isopropylidene. Wannan sinadari yana kare ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl, yana hana halayen da ba a so yayin haɗa sinadari, kuma ana iya cire shi daga gare shi don sake farfaɗo da sinadari na asali. Tsarinsa mai ƙanƙanta da kwanciyar hankalinsa sun sa ya zama mai amfani a aikace-aikace daban-daban a cikin fagen haɗa sinadari na halitta.
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PNPG CAS:3150-24-1 Farashin Mai Masana'anta
PNPG, ko p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside, ƙaramin abu ne da ake amfani da shi wajen gwajin sinadarai don auna ayyukan enzymes na glucosidase. Ba shi da launi kuma ba ya da haske, amma idan aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar hydrolysis ta hanyar glucosidase, ana canza shi zuwa p-nitrophenol, wanda ke da launin rawaya kuma ana iya gano shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar spectrophotometric.
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ONPG CAS:369-07-3 Farashin Mai Masana'anta
O-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) wani sinadari ne na roba da ake amfani da shi a gwaje-gwajen halittu masu rai da kwayoyin halitta don auna aikin enzyme β-galactosidase. Ana amfani da shi akai-akai a gwaje-gwaje don gano bayyanar kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar Escherichia coli.ONPG wani sinadari ne mara launi wanda β-galactosidase ya raba, wanda ke haifar da sakin wani sinadari mai launin rawaya, o-nitrophenol. Ana iya auna launin rawaya da aka samar ta hanyar spectrophotometric, yana ba da ma'aunin aikin enzyme kai tsaye. Gwajin da ake amfani da shi ta amfani da ONPG sau da yawa ana kiransa gwajin ONPG kuma hanya ce da ake amfani da ita sosai a binciken ilmin halitta don tantance matakan bayyanar kwayoyin halitta da lac operon ke sarrafawa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta.
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Nitrotetrazolium Blue Chloride CAS:298-83-9
Nitrotetrazolium Blue Chloride (NBT) wata alama ce ta redox da aka saba amfani da ita a gwaje-gwajen halittu da na sinadarai. Foda ce mai launin rawaya mai haske wadda ke canzawa zuwa shuɗi idan aka rage ta, wanda hakan ke sa ta zama da amfani wajen gano kasancewar wasu enzymes da ayyukan metabolism.
NBT yana yin aiki tare da masu ɗaukar electrons da enzymes kamar dehydrogenases, waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban. Lokacin da aka rage NBT ta hanyar waɗannan enzymes, yana samar da wani abu mai launin shuɗi mai kama da formazan, wanda ke ba da damar gano gani ko spectrophotometric.
Ana amfani da wannan sinadarin a gwaje-gwaje kamar gwajin rage NBT, inda ake amfani da shi don tantance aikin fashewar numfashi na ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da shi don nazarin ayyukan enzymes da hanyoyin rayuwa a cikin bincike da suka shafi damuwa ta oxidative, yuwuwar ƙwayoyin halitta, da bambancewar ƙwayoyin halitta.
NBT ta sami aikace-aikace a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta, ilimin rigakafi, da kuma ilimin halittar ƙwayoyin halitta. Yana da amfani mai yawa, yana da kwanciyar hankali, kuma yana da sauƙin amfani, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama zaɓi mai shahara ga yawancin ka'idojin gwaji.
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HATU CAS:148893-10-1 Farashin Mai Masana'anta
HATU (1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate) wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi wajen haɗa sinadarai masu gina jiki (peptides) da kuma sinadaran halitta (organic chemistry).
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D-fucose CAS:3615-37-0 Farashin Mai Masana'anta
D-fucose wani sinadari ne na monosaccharide, musamman sukari mai carbon shida, wanda ke cikin rukunin sukari masu sauƙi da ake kira hexoses. Isomer ne na glucose, wanda ya bambanta a cikin tsarin rukunin hydroxyl ɗaya.
Ana samun D-fucose a dabi'ance a cikin halittu daban-daban, ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyuka da dama na halitta, kamar siginar ƙwayoyin halitta, mannewar ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma haɗa glycoprotein. Yana cikin ɓangaren glycolipids, glycoproteins, da proteoglycans, waɗanda ke da hannu a sadarwa da gane ƙwayoyin halitta daga sel zuwa sel.
A cikin mutane, D-fucose yana da hannu a cikin biosynthesis na mahimman tsarin glycan, kamar Lewis antigens da antigens na rukuni na jini, waɗanda ke da tasiri ga jituwa da zubar jini da kuma saurin kamuwa da cuta.
Ana iya samun D-fucose daga wurare daban-daban, ciki har da ruwan teku, tsire-tsire, da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana amfani da shi a bincike da aikace-aikacen likitanci, da kuma wajen samar da wasu magunguna da magungunan warkarwa.
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DDT CAS:3483-12-3 Farashin Mai Masana'anta
DL-Dithiothreitol, wanda aka fi sani da DTT, wani abu ne mai rage yawan sinadarai da ake amfani da shi a binciken halittu masu rai da kuma kwayoyin halitta. Ƙaramin abu ne mai rukunin thiol (wanda ke ɗauke da sulfur) a kowane gefe.
Ana amfani da DTT akai-akai don karya haɗin disulfide a cikin furotin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen buɗewa ko cire su. Wannan rage haɗin disulfide yana da mahimmanci a cikin hanyoyin gwaje-gwaje daban-daban kamar tsarkake furotin, gel electrophoresis, da nazarin tsarin furotin. Hakanan ana iya amfani da DTT don kare ƙungiyoyin thiol da hana iskar shaka yayin gwaje-gwaje.
Yawanci ana ƙara DTT a cikin maganin gwaji a cikin ƙananan yawa, kuma aikinsa ya dogara ne akan kasancewar iskar oxygen. Yana da mahimmanci a kula da DTT a hankali saboda yana da saurin kamuwa da iska, zafi, da danshi, wanda zai iya rage tasirinsa.
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D-(+)-Galactose CAS:59-23-4 Farashin Mai Masana'anta
D-(+)-Galactose sukari ne mai suna monosaccharide kuma muhimmin sashi ne na yawancin hanyoyin halitta. Sugar halitta ce da ake samu a cikin abinci da yawa, kamar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayayyakin kiwo, da kayan lambu.
Ana yawan amfani da Galactose a cikin jiki ta hanyar jerin halayen enzymatic. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sadarwa ta tantanin halitta, samar da makamashi, da kuma biosynthesis na muhimman ƙwayoyin halitta kamar glycolipids, glycoproteins, da lactose.
Dangane da amfaninsa, ana amfani da D-(+)-Galactose a fannin ƙwayoyin cuta da fasahar halittu a matsayin tushen carbon a cikin hanyoyin al'adu don haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi wajen samar da nau'ikan sinadarai masu aiki da sinadarai daban-daban, magunguna, da kayayyakin abinci. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da shi akai-akai azaman maganin gano cutar ta likitanci, musamman a gwaje-gwaje don tantance aikin hanta da gano matsalolin kwayoyin halitta da suka shafi metabolism na galactose.
