Masanin ilmin halitta na roba Tom Knight ya ce, "Karni na 21 zai zama karnin ilimin halittu na injiniya." Shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ilmin halitta na roba kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Ginkgo Bioworks, wani kamfani mai tauraro a fannin ilmin halitta na roba. An saka kamfanin a cikin Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York a ranar 18 ga Satumba, kuma kimarsa ta kai dala biliyan 15.
Sha'awar bincike ta Tom Knight ta canza daga kwamfuta zuwa ilmin halitta. Tun lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare, ya yi amfani da hutun bazara don yin karatun kwamfuta da shirye-shirye a MIT, sannan ya yi karatun digiri na farko da na biyu a MIT.
Tom Knight Da yake ya fahimci cewa Dokar Moore ta annabta iyakokin sarrafa atom ɗin silicon na ɗan adam, sai ya mayar da hankalinsa ga halittu masu rai. "Muna buƙatar wata hanya daban don sanya atom a wurin da ya dace… Menene mafi rikitarwar sinadarai? Biochemistry ne. Ina tsammanin za ku iya amfani da biomolecules, kamar sunadarai, waɗanda za su iya haɗuwa da kansu kuma su haɗu a cikin kewayon da kuke buƙata. crystallization."
Amfani da tunanin ƙima da inganci na injiniya don tsara asalin halittu ya zama sabuwar hanyar bincike. Ilimin halitta na roba kamar tsalle ne a cikin ilimin ɗan adam. A matsayin fanni na injiniyanci, kimiyyar kwamfuta, ilmin halitta, da sauransu, an saita shekarar fara ilimin halitta ta roba a matsayin 2000.
A cikin bincike guda biyu da aka buga a wannan shekarar, ra'ayin tsara da'ira ga masana ilmin halittu ya cimma nasarar sarrafa bayyanar kwayoyin halitta.
Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Boston sun gina maɓallin juyawa na Gene a cikin E. coli. Wannan samfurin yana amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu kawai. Ta hanyar daidaita abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi na waje, ana iya kunna ko kashe bayyanar kwayoyin halitta.
A wannan shekarar, masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Princeton sun yi amfani da na'urorin kwayoyin halitta guda uku don cimma fitowar yanayin "juyawa" a cikin siginar da'ira ta hanyar amfani da hana juna da sakin hanawa a tsakaninsu.
Tsarin canza canjin halitta
Aikin Tantanin Halitta
A taron, na ji mutane suna magana game da "nama na wucin gadi."
Bayan tsarin taron kwamfuta, "taron da aka shirya kai tsaye ba tare da wani taro ba" don sadarwa kyauta, wasu mutane suna shan giya da hira: Waɗanne kayayyaki ne suka yi nasara a cikin "Synthetic Biology"? Wani ya ambaci "nama na wucin gadi" a ƙarƙashin Impossible Food.
Kamfanin Impossible Food bai taɓa kiran kansa kamfanin "nazarin halitta" ba, amma babban abin da ya bambanta shi da sauran kayayyakin nama na wucin gadi - haemoglobin da ke sa nama mai cin ganyayyaki ya yi ƙamshi na musamman "nama" ya fito ne daga wannan kamfanin kimanin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Daga cikin fannoni masu tasowa.
Fasahar da ake amfani da ita ita ce amfani da sauƙin gyaran kwayoyin halitta don ba da damar yisti ya samar da "hemoglobin." Don amfani da kalmomin ilmin halitta na roba, yisti ya zama "masana'antar ƙwayoyin halitta" wanda ke samar da abubuwa bisa ga buƙatun mutane.
Me ya sa naman ya yi ja sosai kuma yana da ƙamshi na musamman idan yana da ɗanɗano? Ana ɗaukar Impossible Food a matsayin mai wadataccen "hemoglobin" a cikin nama. Ana samun Hemoglobin a cikin abinci daban-daban, amma abubuwan da ke cikinsa suna da yawa musamman a cikin tsokoki na dabbobi.
Saboda haka, wanda ya kafa kamfanin kuma masanin kimiyyar halittu Patrick O. Brown ne ya zaɓi haemoglobin a matsayin "mafi mahimmancin kayan ƙanshi" don kwaikwayon naman dabbobi. Bayan cire wannan "kayan ƙanshi" daga tsire-tsire, Brown ya zaɓi waken soya waɗanda ke da wadataccen sinadarin haemoglobin a asalinsu.
Hanyar samar da hatsi ta gargajiya tana buƙatar cire "hemoglobin" kai tsaye daga tushen waken soya. Kilogiram ɗaya na "hemoglobin" yana buƙatar eka 6 na waken soya. Haɗar shuka yana da tsada, kuma Impossible Food ta ƙirƙiro wata sabuwar hanya: dasa kwayar halittar da za ta iya haɗa hemoglobin cikin yisti, kuma yayin da yisti ke girma da kuma sake maimaitawa, hemoglobin zai girma. Don amfani da kwatancen, wannan kamar barin Goose ya yi ƙwai ne a kan sikelin ƙananan halittu.
Ana amfani da Heme, wanda ake cirowa daga tsirrai, a cikin burgers na "nama na wucin gadi".
Sabbin fasahohi suna ƙara ingancin samarwa yayin da suke rage albarkatun ƙasa da shuka ke amfani da su. Tunda manyan kayan samarwa sune yisti, sukari, da ma'adanai, babu ɓatar da sinadarai da yawa. Idan aka yi la'akari da hakan, wannan fasaha ce da ke "sa rayuwa ta fi kyau".
Idan mutane suna magana game da wannan fasaha, ina jin cewa wannan fasaha ce mai sauƙi. A ganinsu, akwai kayayyaki da yawa da za a iya tsara su daga matakin kwayoyin halitta ta wannan hanyar. Roba mai lalacewa, kayan ƙanshi, sabbin magunguna da alluran rigakafi, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta don takamaiman cututtuka, har ma da amfani da carbon dioxide don haɗa sitaci… Na fara samun wasu tunani na zahiri game da yuwuwar da fasahar kere-kere ke kawowa.
Karanta, rubuta, da kuma gyara kwayoyin halitta
DNA tana ɗauke da dukkan bayanan rayuwa daga tushe, kuma ita ce tushen dubban halaye na rayuwa.
A zamanin yau, ɗan adam zai iya karanta jerin DNA cikin sauƙi kuma ya haɗa jerin DNA bisa ga tsari. A taron, na ji mutane suna magana game da fasahar CRISPR wacce ta lashe kyautar Nobel ta 2020 a fannin Sinadarai sau da yawa. Wannan fasaha, wacce ake kira "Almakashi na Sihiri na Halitta", za ta iya gano da kuma yanke DNA daidai, ta haka za ta cimma nasarar gyara kwayoyin halitta.
Dangane da wannan fasahar gyaran kwayoyin halitta, kamfanonin farawa da yawa sun fito. Wasu suna amfani da ita don magance matsalolin kwayoyin halitta kamar ciwon daji da cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, wasu kuma suna amfani da ita don haɓaka gabobin jiki don dashen ɗan adam da kuma gano cututtuka.
Fasahar gyaran kwayoyin halitta ta shiga aikace-aikacen kasuwanci cikin sauri har mutane suka ga babban damar fasahar kere-kere. Daga mahangar ci gaban fasahar kere-kere da kanta, bayan karatu, hadawa, da kuma gyara jerin kwayoyin halitta sun girma, mataki na gaba shine a tsara daga matakin kwayoyin halitta don samar da kayan da suka dace da bukatun dan adam. Fasahar kere-kere ta ilmin halitta kuma ana iya fahimtarta a matsayin mataki na gaba a ci gaban fasahar kwayoyin halitta.
Masana kimiyya biyu Emmanuelle Charpentier da Jennifer A. Doudna kuma sun lashe kyautar Nobel ta 2020 a fannin Sinadarai don fasahar CRISPR.
"Mutane da yawa sun shagaltu da ma'anar ilmin halitta na roba... Irin wannan karo ya faru tsakanin injiniyanci da ilmin halitta. Ina tsammanin duk wani abu da ya samo asali daga wannan an fara kiransa ilmin halitta na roba." in ji Tom Knight.
Tun daga farkon al'ummar noma, mutane sun tantance kuma sun riƙe halayen dabbobi da tsire-tsire da suke so ta hanyar dogon kiwo da zaɓi. Ilimin halittar jiki yana farawa kai tsaye daga matakin kwayoyin halitta don samar da halayen da mutane ke so. A yanzu haka, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da fasahar CRISPR don noman shinkafa a dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Daya daga cikin wadanda suka shirya taron, wanda ya kafa Qiji, Lu Qi, ya ce a cikin bidiyon bude taron cewa fasahar kere-kere na iya kawo sauye-sauye masu yawa ga duniya kamar fasahar Intanet ta baya. Wannan da alama ya tabbatar da cewa shugabannin kamfanonin Intanet duk sun nuna sha'awarsu ga kimiyyar rayuwa lokacin da suka yi murabus.
Manyan masu amfani da intanet duk suna mai da hankali. Shin yanayin kasuwanci na kimiyyar rayuwa yana zuwa ƙarshe?
Tom Knight (na farko daga hagu) da wasu mutane huɗu da suka kafa Ginkgo Bioworks | Ginkgo Bioworks
A lokacin cin abincin rana, na ji wani labari: Unilever ta ce a ranar 2 ga Satumba cewa za ta zuba jarin Yuro biliyan 1 don kawo karshen man fetur a cikin kayan da aka samar da tsabta nan da shekarar 2030.
Cikin shekaru 10, sabulun wanki, foda na wanki, da kayayyakin sabulu da Procter & Gamble ke samarwa za su rungumi kayan amfanin gona ko fasahar kama carbon a hankali. Kamfanin ya kuma ware wani asusun Yuro biliyan 1 don samar da kudaden gudanar da bincike kan fasahar kere-kere, carbon dioxide da sauran fasahohi don rage fitar da hayakin carbon.
Mutanen da suka gaya mini wannan labarin, kamar ni da na ji labarin, sun ɗan yi mamaki da lokacin da aka ƙayyade na ƙasa da shekaru 10: Shin za a cimma cikakken bincike da haɓaka fasaha zuwa yawan samarwa nan ba da jimawa ba?
Amma ina fatan zai zama gaskiya.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-31-2021