Masanin ilimin halitta Tom knight ya ce, "ƙarni na 21 zai zama ƙarni na ilimin halitta na injiniya."Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ilmin halitta na roba kuma daya daga cikin biyar wadanda suka kafa Ginkgo Bioworks, wani kamfani mai tauraro a ilmin halitta.An jera kamfanin a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta New York a ranar 18 ga Satumba, kuma darajarsa ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15.
Abubuwan binciken Tom Knight sun sami canji daga kwamfuta zuwa ilmin halitta.Tun lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare, ya yi amfani da hutun bazara don karatun kwamfuta da shirye-shirye a MIT, sannan kuma ya yi karatun digiri na farko da na digiri a MIT.
Tom Knight Da yake fahimtar cewa dokar Moore ta yi hasashen iyakar yadda ɗan adam ke amfani da zarra na silicon, ya mai da hankalinsa ga abubuwa masu rai."Muna buƙatar wata hanya ta dabam don sanya atom a wurin da ya dace… Menene mafi hadaddun sunadarai? Yana da biochemistry. Ina tsammanin za ku iya amfani da kwayoyin halitta, irin su sunadaran, wanda zai iya hada kai da kuma haɗuwa a cikin iyakar da kuke bukata. crystallization."
Yin amfani da ƙididdige ƙididdige aikin injiniya da tunani mai inganci don tsara asalin halitta ya zama sabuwar hanyar bincike.Ilimin halitta na roba kamar tsalle ne a cikin ilimin ɗan adam.A matsayin fanni daban-daban na injiniyanci, kimiyyar kwamfuta, ilmin halitta, da dai sauransu, an saita shekarar farkon ilimin halittun roba a matsayin 2000.
A cikin bincike guda biyu da aka buga a wannan shekara, ra'ayin zanen da'ira ga masanan halittu sun sami nasarar sarrafa maganganun kwayoyin halitta.
Masanan kimiyya a Jami'ar Boston sun gina wani nau'in jujjuyawar Gene a cikin E. coli.Wannan ƙirar tana amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halitta guda biyu kawai.Ta hanyar daidaita abubuwan motsa jiki na waje, za'a iya kunna ko kashe maganganun kwayoyin halitta.
A cikin wannan shekarar, masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Princeton sun yi amfani da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda uku don cimma nasarar yanayin "oscillation" a cikin siginar kewayawa ta hanyar yin amfani da hana juna da sakin hanawa a tsakanin su.
Jadawalin jujjuyawar Halittu
Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta
A taron, na ji mutane suna magana game da "naman wucin gadi."
Bayan tsarin taron na kwamfuta, "Taron da ya shirya kansa" don sadarwar kyauta, wasu mutane suna shan giya suna hira: Wadanne samfurori masu nasara ne a cikin "Synthetic Biology"?Wani ya ambaci "naman wucin gadi" a ƙarƙashin Abincin da ba zai yuwu ba.
Abincin da ba zai yuwu ba bai taɓa kiran kansa kamfani "Synthetic Biology" ba, amma ainihin wurin sayar da shi da ke bambanta shi da sauran kayan naman wucin gadi - haemoglobin da ke sa naman ganyaye wari na musamman "nama" ya fito daga wannan kamfani shekaru 20 da suka gabata.Na tasowa fannonin ilimi.
Fasahar da ke tattare da ita ita ce yin amfani da sauƙin gyara kwayoyin halitta don ba da damar yisti damar samar da "haemoglobin."Don amfani da ƙa’idodin ilimin halitta na roba, yisti ya zama “masana’antar tantanin halitta” wanda ke samar da abubuwa bisa ga abin da mutane suke so.
Me ke sa naman ya yi ja sosai kuma yana da ƙamshi na musamman idan ya ɗanɗana?Abincin da ba zai yuwu ba ana ɗaukarsa shine wadataccen "haemoglobin" a cikin nama.Ana samun haemoglobin a cikin abinci daban-daban, amma abun ciki yana da girma musamman a cikin tsokoki na dabba.
Saboda haka, wanda ya kafa kamfanin kuma masanin ilimin halittu Patrick O. Brown ya zaɓi haemoglobin a matsayin "maɓalli mai mahimmanci" don kwaikwayon naman dabba.Da yake fitar da wannan "kayan yaji" daga tsire-tsire, Brown ya zaɓi waken soya waɗanda ke da wadataccen haemoglobin daga tushensu.
Hanyar samar da al'ada na buƙatar cire "haemoglobin" kai tsaye daga tushen waken soya.Ɗayan kilogiram na "haemoglobin" yana buƙatar kadada 6 na waken soya.Hakar shuka yana da tsada, kuma Abincin da ba zai yuwu ba ya samar da wata sabuwar hanya: dasa kwayar halittar da za ta iya hada haemoglobin cikin yisti, kuma yayin da yisti ya girma kuma ya kwaikwayi, haemoglobin zai girma.Don amfani da kwatanci, wannan yana kama da barin Goose ya sanya ƙwai akan sikelin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Ana amfani da Heme, wanda aka samo daga tsire-tsire, a cikin "naman wucin gadi" burgers
Sabbin fasahohin na haɓaka haɓakar samarwa tare da rage albarkatun ƙasa da ake cinyewa ta hanyar shuka.Tunda manyan kayan da ake samarwa sune yisti, sukari, da ma'adanai, babu sharar sinadarai da yawa.Yin tunani game da shi, wannan fasaha ce ta gaske wanda "yana sa gaba mafi kyau".
Lokacin da mutane ke magana game da wannan fasaha, Ina jin cewa wannan fasaha ce mai sauƙi.A cikin idanunsu, akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda za a iya tsara su daga matakin kwayoyin halitta ta wannan hanyar.Balaguron robobi, kayan yaji, sabbin magunguna da alluran rigakafi, magungunan kashe qwari don takamaiman cututtuka, har ma da yin amfani da carbon dioxide don haɗa sitaci… Na fara samun wasu ra'ayoyi kan yuwuwar kimiyyar halittu ta kawo.
Karanta, rubuta, da gyara kwayoyin halitta
DNA tana ɗaukar duk bayanan rayuwa daga tushen, kuma shine tushen dubban halaye na rayuwa.
A zamanin yau, ɗan adam na iya karanta jerin DNA cikin sauƙi kuma ya haɗa jerin DNA bisa ga ƙira.A taron, na ji mutane suna magana game da fasahar CRISPR da ta ci kyautar Nobel ta 2020 a Chemistry sau da yawa.Wannan fasaha, da ake kira "Genetic Magic Scissor", na iya gano daidai wuri da yanke DNA, ta yadda za a gane gyaran kwayoyin halitta.
Dangane da wannan fasaha na gyara kwayoyin halitta, yawancin kamfanoni masu farawa sun fito.Wasu suna amfani da shi don magance cututtukan cututtukan da ke da wuyar gaske kamar ciwon daji da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, wasu kuma suna amfani da shi don noma gabobin jikin ɗan adam da gano cututtuka.
Fasahar gyaran kwayoyin halitta ta shiga aikace-aikacen kasuwanci da sauri ta yadda mutane suke ganin babban bege na fasahar kere-kere.Daga mahangar ci gaban dabaru na fasahar kere-kere da kanta, bayan karantawa, hadawa, da gyara jerin kwayoyin halitta sun balaga, mataki na gaba a dabi’ance shi ne zayyana daga matakin kwayoyin halitta don samar da kayan da suka dace da bukatun dan Adam.Hakanan za'a iya fahimtar fasahar ilimin halitta ta roba azaman mataki na gaba a cikin haɓaka fasahar kwayoyin halitta.
Masana kimiyya biyu Emmanuelle Charpentier da Jennifer A. Doudna kuma sun lashe kyautar Nobel ta 2020 a cikin Chemistry don fasahar CRISPR.
"Mutane da yawa sun damu da ma'anar ilmin halitta na roba… Irin wannan karo ya faru tsakanin injiniya da ilmin halitta. Ina tsammanin duk wani abu da ya haifar da wannan ya fara kiran sunan ilimin halitta."Tom Knight ya ce.
Tsawaita ma'auni na lokaci, tun daga farkon al'ummar noma, 'yan adam sun bincika kuma suna riƙe da dabi'un dabba da tsire-tsire da suke so ta hanyar dogon kiwo da zabi.Ilimin halitta na roba yana farawa kai tsaye daga matakin kwayoyin halitta don samar da halayen da mutane ke so.A yanzu, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da fasahar CRISPR don noman shinkafa a dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Daya daga cikin wadanda suka shirya taron, wanda ya kafa Qiji Lu Qi ya bayyana a cikin faifan bidiyon cewa, fasahar kere-kere na iya kawo sauye-sauye masu yawa a duniya kamar fasahar Intanet da ta gabata.Wannan da alama ya tabbatar da cewa shugabannin yanar gizo duk sun nuna sha'awar kimiyyar rayuwa lokacin da suka yi murabus.
Manyan Intanet duk suna mai da hankali.Shin yanayin kasuwancin kimiyyar rayuwa yana zuwa a ƙarshe?
Tom Knight (na farko daga hagu) da wasu masu kafa Ginkgo Bioworks guda hudu |Ginkgo Bioworks
A lokacin cin abincin rana, na ji wani labari: Unilever ta ce a ranar 2 ga Satumba, za ta zuba jarin Yuro biliyan 1 don kawar da burbushin mai a cikin albarkatun kasa mai tsafta nan da shekarar 2030.
A cikin shekaru 10, kayan wanke-wanke, foda, da samfuran sabulun da Procter & Gamble ke samarwa a hankali za su ɗauki albarkatun shuka ko fasahar kama carbon.Kazalika, kamfanin ya ware wasu euro biliyan 1, domin kafa wani asusu don gudanar da bincike kan fasahar kere-kere, carbon dioxide da sauran fasahohin da za su rage hayakin Carbon.
Mutanen da suka ba ni wannan labari, kamar ni da suka ji labarin, sun ɗan yi mamakin ƙayyadaddun lokaci na ƙasa da shekaru 10: Shin binciken fasaha da haɓakawa don samar da jama'a za a sami cikakkiyar fahimta nan ba da jimawa ba?
Amma ina fatan zai zama gaskiya.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-31-2021